Medicinalherbs.comule.com
Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research
1:12-44 (2011)
Biological Activities of Some Indian medicinal plants
Khandelwal Vinoth Kumar Megraj1*, Koneri Raju2, R Balaraman1, Kandhavelu
1. Pharmacy Department, The MS university of Baroda, Vadodara, India.
2. Karnataka College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India.
3. Department of Signal processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere,
*Corresponding author:
[email protected]
ABSTRACT:
There is an increasing demand for the herbal drug treatment of various ailments and
many plant drugs from Ayurvedic system are being explored globally. The biological
activities from various clinical and preclinical studies have been included along with
some patents arising from these plants. The original report acts as a quick reference for
extracting the biological activities, specially the newly reported effects, of the following
selected Indian medicinal plants
Adhatoda vasica, Aegle marmelos, Aloe vera,
Andrographis paniculata, Asparagus adscendents, Cinnamomum tamala, Coriandrum
sativum, Cuminum cyminum, Curcuma longa, Emblica officinalis, Glycyrrhiza glabra,
Hemidesmus indicus, Mucuna pruriens, Phyllanthus niruri, Solanum nigrum, Syzygium
aromaticum, Terminalia chebula, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Zingiber
officinale.
Keywords: Ayurveda, alternative medicine, biological activity, herbal drug, patent,
pharmacology, plant extract.
It is a well known fact that the demand for the herbal drug treatment of various
ailments is increasing and plant drugs from the ayurvedic system are being explored
more, not only in India but also globally. As a result, many research studies are being
undertaken and there is a need for an update and to put them together. This article
aims to give a quick reference to the biological activities of few Indian medicinal plants.
We have tried to summarize most of the reported activities directly from the recent
original research papers, but the list is not exhaustive. The biological activities from
various clinical and preclinical studies have been included, while other uses of plants
like herbicidal or insecticidal use have not been included. The main use of all these
Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research
1:12-44 (2011)
studies is commercial utilization, so we have tried to include few patents arising from
these plants, it should be noted that most of the patents are formulations and their
uses. Usually the formulations are poly herbal and may contain one or more of the
mentioned plants, so to avoid repetition, the formulations are included under any one
plant detail only.
Adhatoda vasica
Adhatoda vasica is a well-known in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine. It has been used for
the treatment of various diseases and disorders, particularly for the respiratory tract
ailments. Many studies have been conducted on Adhatoda vasica and some of the
reported activities of the plant include anti-diabetic [1], anti-implantation [2], anti-
phlogistic, anti-allergic [3], anti-tussive [4], anti-ulcer [5], antioxidant, anti-genotoxicity
[6], anti-tubercular [7], abortifacient [8], radioprotective [9], bronchodilator [10],
hepatoprotective [11]. Pahwa et.al, [12] studied the chronic toxicity of some compounds
of
Adhatoda vasica. The patents consisting Adhatoda vasica are used for treating
asthma (US 6746694), allergy (US 6746694), malnutrition, chronic cough, cold (US
Aegle marmelos
Aegle marmelos has been widely used and studied for various activities like, anti-
genotoxicity [13], analgesic [14], anti-cancer [15], anti-diarrhoeal [16], anti-fungal [17],
anti-dyslipidemic [18], anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic [19], anti-bacterial: Salmonella
typhi, Shigella dysenteriae [20, 21], anti-viral: coxsackieviruses [22], anti-diabetic,
antioxidant [23], anti-thyroid [24], anti-diarrhoeal, anti-ulcer [25], anti-asthmatic:
Histamine antagonist H1 [26], immunostimulant [27], cardioprotective [28],
radioprotective [29], treatment of ascites carcinoma [30], irritable bowel syndrome [31].
Acute and subacute toxicity studies have been studied by Veerappan et al. [32]. The
patented formulations containing Aegle marmelos are used for treatment of HIV/AIDS
and fungal infections secondary to HIV (PCT IN2004/000367), hyperglycemia (US
6989160), gastric ulcer (US 6855347).
Aloe vera
Aloe vera is one of the greatly known herbs for its cosmetic use, and it has been studied
for its use in other major complications like cancer [33], myocardial ischemia [34],
ulcer, diabetes [35, 36], hemorrhagic shock [37], hepatotoxicity [38], inflammation [39],
allergic rhinitis [40] and oxidative stress [41]. Moreover, Aloe posses various effects like
hypotensive [42], neuroprotective [43], radioprotective [44], anti-leishmanial [45], anti-
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fungal [46], immunomodulatory [47], wound healing [48], cathartic [49], anti-viral:
herpes simplex virus type 2 [50], angiogenic [51], anti-angiogenic [52], as a vaginal
contraceptive [53], and protection against sunburn and suntan [54]. Subchronic toxicity
has been studied by Zhou et.al. [55]. Some adverse effects of Aloe are cytotoxicity [56],
Henoch-Schonlein purpura [57], acute toxic hepatitis [58]. There are many patented
formulations available for Aloe vera specially for cosmetic use, few other patents include
Aloe vera gel for the treatment of dry eye syndrome (US 6013259), ointment for skin
irritations and healing of wounds (US 4725438), nasal spray for cold (US 5840278),
topical treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae (US 5034221).
Andrographis paniculata
Andrographis paniculata has been reported to encompass activities like cardioprotective
anti-hyperglycemic,
immunostimulatory [62], anti-inflammatory [63], anti-malarial [64], anti-microbial [65],
anti-viral: herpes simplex virus type 1 [66], upper respiratory tract infection [67],
cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity [68], hepatoprotective [69], filaricidal [70],
hypotensive [71], activation of TRPV4 channels [72], induction of uterus relaxation [73],
inhibition of platelet aggregation [74], prevention of atherosclerotic stenosis and
restenosis [75], reduction of the symptoms of common cold [76]. Andrographis
paniculata has produced male anti-fertility effects [77], while another study did not find
any adverse effect on fertility [78]. The patents include formulations, which are used for
EP2004/005516), and improvement of liver function (US 6759061).
Asparagus adscendens
Asparagus adscendens is known for its activities like anti-cancer [79], anti-filarial [80],
anti-fungal [81], anti-stress and anti-inflammatory [82]. Geriforte is a herbal
formulation with Asparagus adscendens as one of the main constituents and has been
widely studied for its use gastric ulcer [83], menopausal syndrome [84], neurological
disorders [85], radioprotection [86], senile dermatoses [87], for stimulation of insulin
Cinnamomum tamala
The important studies conducted on Cinnamomum tamala are for its hypolipidemic
effects [89], anti-diabetic and antioxidant [90], anti-ulcer [91], anti-inflammatory [92],
anti-diarrhoeal [93], immunosuppressive [94] and anti-bacterial [95]. Few formulations
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containing Cinnamomum tamala has been patented and are used for the treatment of
diabetes (US 5886029) and antidote to tobacco (US 20060137702).
Coriandrum sativum
Various activities of Coriandrum sativum include anthelmintic [96], anti-implantation
[97], anti-microbial [98], anti-mutagenicity [99], antioxidant and hepatoprotective [100],
cardioprotective [102], anti-dote for lead intoxication [103]. It has produced anaphylaxis
in a patient [104]. Some interesting uses of patented formulations containing
Coriandrum sativum are cigarettes which aid to stop smoking (EP1201142), hair
coloring (US 7172632), sleep inducing antacid (US 20030013639), treatment of HIV-
associated conditions (US 20020182272), and gastric ulcer (US 20050089583).
Cuminum cyminum
Cuminum cyminum has varied biological activities, which include anti-diabetic,
antioxidant [105], anti-bacterial [106], anti-fungal [107], bronchodilatory [108],
hepatoprotective, renoprotective [109], chemopreventive [110], anti-epileptic [111],
galactagogue [112], hypolipidemic [113], male anti-fertility [114], memory-enhancing
and anti-stress [115]. Toxicity of Cuminum cyminum has been studied by Haroun et al.
[116]. Few patents of Cuminum cyminum are used for potentiation of bioefficacy of
anti- infectives (PCT IN2003/000110), relieve inflammation and smooth muscle
contraction (US 20060188588), cigarette for controlling body weight (PCT
IB2006/000936), management of gynecological disorders and to prevent/treat anemia
due to excessive bleeding associated with menstrual disorders (US 6455077), treating
hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus (US 20020160065).
Curcuma longa
Curcuma longa is one of the most commonly used ayurvedic drugs with many of the
following activities like antioxidant [117], apoptotic [118], anti-depressant [119], anti-
fungal [120], anti-platelet [121], anti-spasmodic [122], anti-arthritic [123], hypoglycemic
[124], hypotensive [125], anti-bacterial [126], leishmaniacidal [127], anti-genotoxicity
[128], cardioprotective [129], neuroprotective [130], wound healing [131], cytoprotective
by induction of heat shock protein [132]. It is also known to be effective for the
treatment of pulmonary fibrosis [133], diabetic nephropathy [134], hyperlipidemia [135],
encephalomyelitis [136], cancer [137], gastric ulcers by blocking H2 receptors [138],
excitotoxicity by modulation of NMDA receptors [139]. Among the adverse effects,
Curcuma longa has been reported to arrest spermatogenesis [140] and has produced
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toxicity [123] and contact urticaria [141]. The patented pharmaceutical compositions
are used for reducing hyperlipidemia, anti-platelet aggregation (US 4842859), wound
healing (US 5401504), control of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (US 6162438),
hepatic and splenic disorders (US 20050074507), and for the treatment of osteoarthritis
Emblica officinalis
Emblica officinalis has been known for its use against acute pancreatitis [142], age
related dyslipidaemia [143], memory loss [144], atherosclerosis [145], metabolic
syndrome [146], inflammation [147], cancer [148], cadmium induced toxicity [149],
genotoxicity [150], oxidative stress [151], hyperthyroidism [152], ulcer [153] snake
venom [154], tardive dyskinesia [155], wound healing [156]. It also possesses following
activities like anti-pyretic, analgesic [157], anti-microbial [158], anti-fungal [159], anti-
tussive [160], chemopreventive [161], immunostimulatory [162], hepatoprotective [163],
cardioprotective [164], radioprotective [165], increase haemoglobin [166]. Few of the
interesting polyherbal formulations available are EuMil, Panchagavya, Hyponidd,
Kalpaamruthaa, Triphala, Pepticare, Immu-21, Ophthacare. Patented formulations are
used as antioxidant (US 6124268), anti-migraine (EP1284744), anti-allergic (US
20030194452), hepatoprotective (CA 2480334), for treatment of iron-deficiency anemia
(US 20030198695), protection of skin against sun-induced damage (US 20050089590),
inhibition of platelet aggregation (US 6290996), topical anti-inflammatory/analgesic
(PCT IB2002/001306), preventing alcohol-induced hangover (PCT IN2005/000186).
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Glycyrrhiza glabra
for its biological
actions, including
hypocholesterolaemic [167], anti-cancer [168], anti-diabetic: PPAR-γ ligand binding
[169], anti-allergic [170], anti-depressive [171], anti-arthritic [172], anti-ulcer: inhibit
adhesion of Helicobacter pylori [173], antioxidant, anti-genotoxic, anti-inflammatory
[174], anti-viral: encephalitis [175], anti-microbial [176], anti-nephritis [177], anti-
thrombotic [178], anti-atopic dermatitis [179], radioprotective [180], memory enhancing
[181]. The herbal formulation DHC-1 has been studied for its cardio and renoprotective
activities [182], other polyherbal formulations available are Revitonil, Pepticare. Few of
the patented formulations containing Glycyrrhiza glabra are used for treating AIDS (US
5683697), prostate carcinoma (US 5665393), arthritis (US 7416748), liver associated
ailments (EP1207894), as a skin whitening composition (US 5609875).
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Hemidesmus indicus
Various effects of HI, such as hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic [183], antioxidant, anti-
thrombotic [184], tranquilizer [185], anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic [186], anti-
ulcerogenic [187], cardioprotective [188, 189], hepatoprotective [190], renoprotective
[191], genotoxic and anti-genotoxic [192], radioprotective [193], neutralization of viper
venom [194], anti-bacterial and larvicidal [195], have been reported. Patented
formulations with Hemidesmus indicus as an ingredient is used for skin disorders (US
5693327) viral infections (US 6841174), inflammation (PCT/IN2004/000148),
renoprotection, and lipid lowering (PCT/IN2004/000300).
Mucuna pruriens
Some of the reported activities include hypoglycemic [196], hypocholesterolemic [197],
antioxidant [198], aphrodisiac [199], neuroprotective [200], anti-Asiatic cobra venom
[201], inhibition of hyperprolactinemia in man [202], management of Parkinson's
disease [203]. Adverse effects like acute toxic psychosis [204], pruritus [205], has been
reported. The patents of Mucuna pruriens are used for treatment of the nervous
system, including Parkinson's disease (US 6106839) and potentiation of growth
hormone (US 6340474).
Phyllanthus niruri
The known activities of Phyllanthus niruri are anti-babesial, anti-plasmodial [206], anti-
anti-nociceptive
hepatoprotective [210], vasorelaxant [211] and lipid lowering [212]. It is also used for
inhibition of platelet aggregation [213], urolithiasis [214], hepatitis B virus, Woodchuck
hepatitis virus [215]. The patents are pharmaceutical preparations for treating
infections caused by hepatitis B virus (US 4673575), hepatitis C virus (EP1294387),
adenoviruses (US 20060193907) and for treating chronic inflammatory, fibrotic
processes (US 6586015).
Solanum nigrum
Solanum nigrum has been studied for its acetylcholine-like activity [216], anti-
nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic [217], antioxidant [218], anti-tumor [219],
anti-ulcerogenic [220], anti-viral [221], hepatoprotective [222], cytoprotective [223],
hypocholesterolemic [224], hypotensive [225], anti-convulsant [226]. Some alkaloids of
Solanum nigrum have been shown to produce teratogenesis in frog [227]. The patents of
Solanum nigrum comprise a skin treatment composition (US 20050152867),
hepatoprotective and weight gain promoter (PCT IN2001/000178), formula providing
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symptomatic relief for various diseases and especially for patients diagnosed with
AIDS/ARC (US 20070041993).
Syzygium aromaticum
Few of the activities of Syzygium aromaticum are anti-carcinogenic effects [228],
antioxidant [229], anti-herpesvirus [230], anti-thrombotic [231], anti-cytomegalovirus
infection [232], anti-candidial [233], aphrodisiac [234], chemopreventive in lung cancer
[235], inhibition of immediate hypersensitivity [236]. Syzygium aromaticum has been
found to be cytotoxic to human skin cells [237]. A good antioxidant activity of a
polyherbal composition containing Syzygium aromaticum has been observed in our lab
[238]. Syzygium aromaticum is a composition of the following patents which are used
for lowering cholesterol, treating arthritis, reducing blood pressure and Alzheimer's
disease (US 5707631), bronchial asthma (PCT IN2002/000041), HIV infection (US
Terminalia chebula
Terminalia chebula is also one of the widely used plants in Ayurvedic medicine. Few of
the reported activities include anti-cancer [239], Immunosuppressive [240],
hepatoprotective [241], cardioprotective [242], radioprotective [243], anti-diabetic,
renoprotective effects [244], anti- HIV [245], purgative [246], antioxidant [247], anti-
aging [248], anti-ulcer: Helicobacter pylori [249], anti-typhoid [250], anti-caries [251],
for wound healing [252], increasing gastric emptying [253]. Triphala is a widely used
polyherbal formulation for its varied effects, which include hypolipidemic [254],
immunomodulatory [255], anti-mutagenic [256], anti-bacterial [257], anti-diabetic,
antioxidant [258]. Terminalia chebula has adverse effects like hepatic and renal toxicity
[259], while it has also been shown to be hepato and renoprotective [241, 244]. Other
polyherbal compositions containing Terminalia chebula are Arogh, Rhinax, Triphala.
The patented compositions are used for the treatment of AIDS, flu, TB (US 5529778; US
5980903), immunocompromised conditions (US 20070122496).
Tinospora cordifolia
Tinospora cordifolia has been studied for its actions like immunomodulatory, [260],
anti-allergic rhinitis [261], anti-ulcer [262], cardioprotective [263], chemopreventive
hepatoprotective
splenomegaly [266], hypolipidaemic [267], neuroprotective [268], obstructive jaundice
[269], oxidative stress [270], radioprotective [271]. Anti-fertility effects in male rats have
been reported by Gupta et al. [272]. Pepticare a polyherbal formulation has shown a
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good anti-ulcer and antioxidant activity [273], other formulations are Hyponidd, Immu-
21. There are number of patents for Tinospora cordifolia and are used for the treatment
of renal disorders (PCT IB2005/051103), cancer (US 6780441), AIDS (PCT
IN2004/000180), immune system-modulated disorders (CA 2432488), retroviral
IB2003/001885), allergy (US 20060141067), as anti-anxiolytic, tranquilizer, and non-
narcotic sedative (US 20070122495), anti-pyretic (US 20060141069), as a health
protective herbal soft drink (PCT IB2002/005555), herbal biscuits - dietary supplement
for lactating mothers (US 6517861).
Withania somnifera
The biological activities of Withania somnifera are anxiolytic-anti-depressive [274], anti-
chondroprotective
cardioprotective [279], immunomodulatory [280], neuroprotective [281], inhibition of
COX-2 enzyme [282], promoter of learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease [283].
Sharada et.al. [284] have studied toxicity of Withania somnifera root extract in rats and
mice. The patents of the formulations containing Withania somnifera are used for
increasing male sperm count (US 6866872), for rapid weight loss, controlling appetite,
managing stress, supporting relaxation, combating fatigue and supporting mental well-
being (US 20060286183), for refractory leukemias and lymphomas (US 20050058722),
cyclooxygenase-2
(EP1208845), for treatment and maintenance of hormone dependent conditions,
immunostimulation (US 20070122494), as memory enhancer in Alzheimer's condition
(PCT IN2004/000402), as a protection against UV irradiation (US 20060292094).
Zingiber officinale
Zingiber officinale is widely used by pregnant women for nausea and vomiting. It has
been studied for various activities like cardioprotective [285], anti-convulsant,
anxiolytic, anti-emetic [286], anti-diabetic, hypolipidaemic [287], anti-inflammatory
[288], anti-thrombotic [289], anti-obesity [290], antioxidant [291], anti-tumor [288],
anti-atherosclerotic [292], radioprotective [293], hypotensive [294], renoprotective [295],
anti-reproductive toxicity [296], anti-ulcer [297], hepatoprotective [298], androgenic
[299], anti-fouling [300], prokinetic [301]. inhibition of angiogenesis [302], increasing
insulin sensitivity [303], molluscicidal, anti-schistosomal [304], nootropic [305], for
treatment of gastrointestinal disorders [306], migraine [307], morning sickness [308].
Ginger is also non teratogenic [309]. The patented formulations of Zingiber officinale are
used for alleviating symptoms associated with arthritis (US 5683698), inflammation,
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platelet aggregation (US 6274177), relief of menopausal symptoms (US 5707630),
treatment of migraine (US 6967033).
CONCLUSION:
As a consequence of increasing demand for the herbal drug treatment of various
ailments, plant drugs from Ayurvedic system are being explored globally. This has
resulted in many research studies with varied results, and hence there is a need to
summarize them together. This review acts as a ready reference for biological activities
of some Indian medicinal plants to the scientific community, in specific to researchers
and students looking for sources of knowledge of medicinal plants and leads for new
bioactive compounds. It is to be kept in mind that the reported activity may be shown
by either the whole plant, or a part of the plant, or a particular extract, or isolated
compounds. To know further about a biological action of a plant, it is advised to refer
the individual research article.
We hope the article will be of immense use to the researchers and students, and result
in increased interest in these medicinal plants.
Authors thank Neelam Khandelwal for helping with editing and reviewing the
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Psychological Treatment of PTSD Neil J. Kitchiner Cardiff & Vale NHS Trust Traumatic Stress Service Lesley J. Hunter The Rivers Centre for Traumatic Stress NHS Lothian 24 March 2009 Overview of workshop General considerations Trauma focused psychological interventions
evergreen winter 2008 28/7/09 11:04 am Page 2 EverGREEN Winter2008 magazine for retired members of the PACE and United pension schemes it's just around IN THIS ISSUE: Stores get brand new look • Home sweet home? • Grand touring with coach holidays evergreen winter 2008 28/7/09 11:04 am Page 3 Well, folks, it looks like that was our summer; over in the blink of an eye! But November brings lots of new seasonal things to