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Mould in the Home
Fact Sheet
Potential allergens such as pollen, mould spores and dust mite are commonplace in the daily environment and are found both inside and outside the home. Although most individuals are exposed to these allergens on a regular basis with little impact on health, regular exposure to some allergens, particularly indoor moulds can cause severe health problems, especially when present in large quantities. Fungi, or moulds, are an abundant group of micro-organisms that play a crucial role in the degradation process of organic matter and organisms in the environment. Approximately one quarter of the Earth's biomass is made up of fungi and approximately 100,000 species of fungi have been identified. Although moulds are fully functional in the outside environment, they can potentially pose a significant threat to health when transferred into the home. How do moulds enter the home?
High numbers of microscopic airborne fungal spores are naturally found in outdoor air all year round and readily enter indoor environments through open windows and doors, vents and air conditioning systems. They are also brought into people's homes via clothing, bags, shoes and household pets. As a result, most moulds found inside the home e.g. Aspergillus and Penicillium are usually comprised of both outdoor and indoor fungal spores which can be found in the soil of houseplants, dust, pets and household Once inside the home, fungal spores settle in a number of areas favourable to mould growth. Areas which provide warmth, moisture, a high level of humidity and a continual supply of organic matter and dirt, such as the bathroom and kitchen are prime locations. Activities such as drying laundry on indoor clothes driers or tumble dryers which are not vented to the outside can increase humidity levels in the home, consequently encouraging mould growth in the home. In addition, water damaged carpets, ceilings and walls in the home are prime sites for new growth if they are untreated and continue to remain damp. Damp housing is a common problem across the globe, especially in areas of high humidity and is heavily associated with the presence of mould in the home, as well as an increase in the incidence of health How do household moulds cause health problems?
Not all household moulds cause health problems. However, some mould spores contain allergens, irritants and produce toxins which can cause health problems, especially when ingested or inhaled deep into the respiratory tract. What health problems are related to household moulds?
Evidence to support a relationship between the presence of household mould or damp and an increase in the incidence of health problems such as fungal infections, respiratory illness, asthma and allergies is heavily documented.,, Individuals with impaired immune functions such as the elderly, young children, cancer and HIV patients and patients who have received transplant organs are particularly susceptible to health problems caused by mould. As more and more of these patients are treated and rehabilitated in the home, it is increasingly important to ensure that secondary illnesses, such as those caused by mould exposure are prevented in these individuals. Respiratory Tract Disorders Scientific studies have found that more than 80 species of fungi have been associated with respiratory tract disorders, where breathing in mould can cause bronchitis, asthma, sinusitis and recurrent respiratory • Children, especially pre-school children exposed to mould have a significant increase in the risk of persistent cough and show significantly more episodes of common cold than children who are not exposed to mould. In addition, children living in damp homes display a 20-25% increase in upper respiratory tract symptoms such as coughing, wheezing and breathing difficulties • Studies have shown that adults living in damp homes or homes with high levels of mould report an increased incidence of respiratory infections and symptoms such as rhinitis, sore throat, cough • A strong correlation between high levels of mould in the home and the incidence of a Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) diagnosis e.g. pneumonia, bronchitis, croup or bronchiolitis in the first year of a child's life has been reported. Airborne Penicillium was shown to be significantly associated with lower respiratory infection with children aged 12 months and under • Scientific evidence has shown that asthma is more prevalent among adults living in damp homes and that asthma is three times more common in adults with mould allergy Allergic Rhinitis Fungal spores are generally recognised as important causes of respiratory allergies in both the lower and upper respiratory tracts, causing symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, red eyes and skin rash. The household moulds Penicillium and Aspergillus are more closely associated with allergic symptoms and allergic sensation than the common outdoor moulds, • Research has shown that while asthma, allergies and respiratory problems are all significantly associated with indoor exposure to fungal spores, Penicillium is a risk factor for asthma and Aspergillus is a risk factor for atopy • A study has established a link between incidence of allergies in atopic individuals and the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus commonly found in the soil of potted plants in the Fungal Infections Fungal infections such as Aspergillosis and Candidosis are caused by opportunistic fungi which enter the body via open wounds, or grow on the body surface, e.g. feet, skin, hair and nails. Fungal infections are highly contagious and are easily spread by direct contact. Individuals with weakened immune systems are particularly susceptible to fungal infections, where the infection can reach internal organs and become potentially life threatening. Several studies have shown that the removal of visible mould or removal of people from exposure to mould significantly reduces or ceases the symptoms of these health problems. As such, mould must be effectively eradicated from the home, as well as prevented from entering the home in order to prevent and How can I remove mould in my home?
You can help remove mould from the home in a number of ways, including controlling the level of moisture in the home, using targeted cleaning and disinfection of household surfaces and areas prone to mould and preventing mould from entering the home. As mould and bacteria can co-exist on a number of surfaces, it is especially important to use a cleanser that will remove both microbes. Controlling moisture levels in the home • Keep humidity levels in the home as low as possible (within 30-50% humidity) to discourage • Regularly clean and dry damp areas of the home such as plumbing and flooring under sinks, around toilets, taps and showers using a mould and mildew cleanser that also contains an antibacterial agent • Keep refrigerators clean and mould free by cleaning regularly with a mould and mildew cleanser that also contains an antibacterial agent, taking care that food is not contaminated and that shelves and surfaces are thoroughly rinsed with clean water and dried properly • Dry water damaged areas within 24 hours, using a trained certified restoration specialist if flooding occurs and replacing wet drywall to eliminate mould growth • Check heating and air conditioning systems for standing moisture and clean or replace as Effective cleaning of household areas and surfaces prone to mould • Regularly clean household floors and worktops/surfaces with a mould and mildew cleanser that also kills bacteria to remove fungal spores and areas of visible/invisible mould • Regularly clean ‘mould prone' sites of the home such as bathroom seals, sink splash backs, window seals and tiles to discourage mould growth • Disinfect the rubbish bin/garbage can on a weekly basis and use disposable liners • Inspect and clean food storage areas on a weekly basis for visible mould • Launder rugs and vacuum upholstery (sofas, blinds and curtains) at least twice a month to remove mould spores • Dry the bath, shower and shower curtain after use and replace mildewed shower curtains to prevent mould growth How to restrict mould from entering the home • Place entry mats at each doorway to restrict mould contaminated soil and debris • Eliminate or reduce areas in the home inhabited by houseplants or pets to lower levels of • Inspect all building materials or furniture entering the home for the presence of mould • Install air cleaning and filtration systems in the home to ensure mould spores are filtered out from air inside the home 1 Whitehead K. Fungal and Bacterial Populations of Visually Contaminated Bathroom Shower Surfaces Before and After Cleaning with Sodium Hypochlorite. American Society for Microbiology. 2007. Abstract Q-449. 2 Stevens J D. Fungi in the Domestic Environment and Community Settings- Association with Health Problems. The International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (IFH). 2004. 3 US Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: on 15 April 2010. 4 Strachen DP and Sanders CH. Damp housing and childhood asthma; respiratory effects of indoor air temperature
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5 Verhoeff et al. Damp housing and childhood respiratory symptoms: the roles of sensitization to dust mites and molds. Am J Epidemiol 1995;141:103-110. 6 Fischer et al. Risk factors indoors and prevalence of childhood respiratory health in four countries in Western and
Central Europe. Indoor Air 1988;8:244-254.
7 Levetin E Fungi in: Burge HA. Bioaerosols. Boca Raton (FL): Lewis Publishers 1995:108. 8 Horner WE, Helbling A, Salvaggio, J A and Lehrer SB. Fungal allergens. Clin Microbial Rev 1995;8:161-179.
9 Koskinen O et al. Adverse Health Effects in children associated with moisture and mould observations in houses. Int
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10 Dales et al. Respiratory health effects of home dampness and molds among Canadian children. Am J Epidemiol
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11 Pirhonen et al. Home dampness, moulds and their influence on respiratory infections and symptoms in adults in
Finland. Eur Resp J 1996;9:2618-2622.
12 Starl et al. Fungal levels in the home and lower respiratory tract illnesses in the first year of life. Am J Respir Crit
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13 Norback et al. Current asthma and biochemical signs of inflammation in relation to building dampness in dwellings.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999;3:368-376.
14 WHO. Asthma, respiratory allergies and the environment. World Health Regional Office for Europe. 1998. 15 Kurup, VP. Fungal allergens. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2003;3:416–423.
16 Li C-S, Hsu L-Y. Airborne fungal allergen in association with residential characteristics in atopic and control
children in a subtropical region. Arch Environ Health 1997;52:72-79.
17 Garret et al. Indoor airborne fungal spores, house dampness and associations with environmental factors and
respiratory health in children. Clin Exper Allergy 1998;28:459-467.
18 Staib F. Ecology and epidemiological aspects of aspergilli pathogenic for man and animals in Berlin (West).
Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie und Hygiene, Abteilung I, Originale A 1984;257:240-245.
19 Cook C E et al. Reservoirs of opportunistic fungi in the home environment: A guide for exposure reduction in the
immunocompromised. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality & Climate 1999;1:905-
909. 

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Adrian Howe (Australia) Title: "Emotional Law—Provocation and the Cultural Politics of Law Reform." Abstract: "This paper analyses the cultural politics of criminal law reform, focusing on 21st century efforts to reform partial defences to murder in jurisdictions in Australia and the UK. Subjecting the case law and conventional black-letter law commentaries to critiques offered by feminist law scholarship and contemporary emotion theory, it explores deeply emotional reactions to the provocation defence—western societies' most emotional law. A comparative analysis is provided of the different options canvassed in debates that have raged in recent law commission inquiries into whether provocation is capable of reform or whether it should be abolished outright. It is argued that reforms which retain the defence but limit its use or which more ‘radically' abolish the defence but retain provocation as a sentencing discretion are destined to fail because they do not get to the heart of the problem—the deeply ingrained cultural script that men who kill in the heat of ‘passion' deserve some compassion. All contributors to the debate have emotional investments in their positions, but it is the passionate attachments of provocation's ardent apologists for this antediluvian defence that are the paper's analytical focus." Agnieszka Kubal (UK) Title: "Recognizing the Place of Legal Culture in Legal Integration Research. Polish post-2004 EU Enlargement Migrants in the United Kingdom." Abstract: "The paper is placed at the intersection of migration and legal studies. Enquiring into the study of the immigrants in the new socio-legal environment suggests existing gaps and certain shortcomings in the current knowledge on the various aspects of legal integration. This research, engaging critically with the reviewed literature, offers a new approach to studying legal integration, taking Polish post-2004 EU Enlargement migrants in the UK as a case study. It suggests a combined focus on structural factors stemming from the host country's legal environment as well as migrants' cultural background – their values, accustomed patterns of legal behaviour, attitudes to law (legal culture) – in the process of shaping – and possibly re-shaping – their relationship to law during the settlement process. This paper aims to offer an understanding of how people in their daily interactions gradually change their behaviour, views and attitudes engaging in the complex interplay between the new environment and their cultural background during the process of integration. This study makes the claim for the proper recognition of the cultural background of immigrants while investigating their modes and strategies of legal integration. It acknowledges the legal culture of immigrants as a significant factor in empirical research, accounting for nuances and bringing out the subtle differences and therefore revealing the bigger, richer picture of immigrant integration, than one solely relying on structural factors and government policies of immigrant incorporation. The approach to legal culture adopted in this research acknowledges the diversity of sub-cultures and sub-groups within it, at the same time stressing a general, distinguishable and largely shared pattern of accustomed behaviour, thinking and experience of law." Ahti Laitinen (Finland) Title: "Arson: Crime Rates, Offenders, and Prevention in Finland." Abstract: "This paper deals with arson and its prevention in Finland. Arson will first be viewed in the light of history and criminological theory. The second part of the paper contains the results of an empirical study on arson. The material has been collected from different official sources. For example, the offenses data base of the police, the so-called "Accident data base" of the Ministry of the Interior, and the data base of trials have been used. In addition, the documents of the preliminary investigations of the police have been utilized. According to the preliminary results, approximately one-third of all fires are arson. Most often the offenders are young, undereducated males. What is surprising is that arson is more common in some prosperous cities, where, for example, the unemployment rate is unusually low. During 2005-2007 many arson of historical and valuable buildings, like