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ISSN: 2454-2415
Volume 2, Issue 1, January, 2016
International Journal of
Innovative Knowledge
Concepts
Premenstrual Symptoms and Social Disability
Nabhit Kapur1 and Prabhjeet Singh Narula2
1Director ,Peacfulmind training center Asst Coordinator, Peacfulmind Training Center Abstract :
Background: A woman menstruation is believed to be suffering from premenstrual syndrome
(PMS) when she experiences recurring physical and/or psychological symptoms occurring
specifically during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and that often resolve by the end of the
cycle (O'Brien, 1987).
Up to 75% of women experience some degree of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) during their reproductive years. Somatic symptoms, such as fatigue, appetite-changes, and low energy, and affective symptoms, such as irritability, depressed mood, anxiety, and impulsive behaviour constitute this condition. Impairment difficulties such as physical functioning, psychological health and severe dysfunction in social or occupational realms are believed to be possible causes of premenstrual symptoms. Poor health related quality of life in women with PMS and its negative effect on school functions and social interactions in young adolescents has been shown in some previous studies (Delara, Ghofranipour, Azadfallah, Tavafian, Kazemnejad, & Montazeri, 2012). Purpose: The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of premenstrual
symptoms on social adjustment.
Material And Methods: Around 40 randomly selected, healthy females, aged between 18-45 yrs.;
experiencing regular menstrual cycle were administered the two questionnaires, ‗The
Premenstrual Symptoms Screening tool (PSST)‘ and ‗Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS)‘, analyzing
their degree of premenstrual symptoms and the effect of premenstrual syndrome on their daily life
activities. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient method has been used to analyse the
relationship between premenstrual symptoms and its impact on social adjustment.
Results: As per the average score obtained through premenstrual symptoms screening tool
(PMSST), 16 (40%) of the women undergoing the survey were found to be suffering from mild
form of premenstrual syndrome and interestingly 10 (25%) and 7 (18%) out of the total number of
women (40) surveyed were having moderate and severe premenstrual syndrome respectively.
Analysis of Sheehan Disability Scale revealed that out of 40 women surveyed, 19 (48%), 20 (50%) and 17 (43%) women experienced mild disruption in their work, social life and family life respectively accounting to the premenstrual symptoms. Likewise, moderately disrupted work, social life and family life was found to be experienced by 11 (28%), 13 (33%) and 15 (38%) respectively out of the total number of women being surveyed It was also evident from the responses of Sheehan Disability Scale that 58% of the women being surveyed had reduced productivity at work due to premenstrual symptoms. A significantly positive correlation between premenstrual syndrome and social disability was also noted by analysis of the data, which implies that when premenstrual symptoms and/or their severity increases, the chances of social disability increases & vice versa Conclusion: Most of the women experienced difficulties in their daily work, social life as well as
family life to a certain extent pertaining to mild to moderate premenstrual symptoms. Moreover,
with increase in severity of the premenstrual symptoms, the productivity at work also tends to
decrease thereby indicating a positive correlation between premenstrual symptoms and social
disability.
Keywords: Premenstrual Symptoms, Social Disability
Available online at www.ijikc.co.in Premenstrual Symptoms and Social Disability.
1 INTRODUCTION:
headache, bloating, sleep disturbances, appetite change, poor concentration, decreased interest, A woman experiencing recurring physical social withdrawal, irritability, mood swings, anxiety/tension, depression, and feeling out of specifically during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and often resolving by the end of Tavafian, Kazemnejad, & Montazeri, 2012). menstruation is believed to be suffering from Premenstrual tension was first defined in 1930s, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (O'Brien, 1987). In when women entered the workforce. It is stated that particular, emotional symptoms must be present women who had never worked outside the home consistently to diagnose PMS. The specific were less likely to report PMS (Namavar Jahromi, emotional and physical symptoms attributable to Pakmehr, & Hagh‐Shenas, 2011). PMS vary from woman to woman, but each individual woman's pattern of symptoms is Premenstrual symptoms might cause predictable, occurs consistently during the ten days prior to menses, and vanishes either shortly before impairment in physical functioning, psychological or shortly after the start of menstrual flow. health and severe dysfunction in social or occupational The definition of severe PMS varies among Randomized controlled trials, however in functions and social interactions in a negative way. recent studies standardized criteria have been used Previous studies have also shown that women with to diagnose one variant of severe PMS — premenstrual disorders have a poor health‐related premenstrual dysphoric disorder. This criterion is quality of life (Delara, Ghofranipour, Azadfallah, based on at least five symptoms, including one of Tavafian, Kazemnejad, & Montazeri, 2012). four core psychological symptoms (from a list of 17 physical and psychological symptoms), being Various risk factors include high caffeine severe before menstruation starts and mild or intake (Kaleli, 2001), Stress may precipitate absent after menstruation (Steiner, Romano, & condition, Increasing age, history of depression, Babcock, 2001) (Freeman, Rickels, & Yonkers, family history, dietary factors (Low levels of 2001). The 17 symptoms are depression, feeling hopeless or guilty, anxiety/tension, mood swings, magnesium, Vitamin B‐6 (Wyatt, Paul, Peter, & P irritability/persistent anger, decreased interest, poor M Shaughn, 1999), manganese, zinc (Chuong & concentration, fatigue, food craving or increased Dawson, 1994), vitamin E and also Vitamin D). appetite, sleep disturbance, feeling out of control or PMS is generally a stable diagnosis, with overwhelmed, poor coordination, headache, aches, swelling/bloating/weight gain, cramps, and breast symptoms at the same intensity near the end of each cycle for years. Treatment for specific symptoms is usually effective at controlling the syndrome experience only a few of the possible symptoms. Even without treatment, symptoms tend symptoms, in a relatively predictable pattern. For to decrease in perimenopausal women, and example, one woman with PMS may be anxious disappear at menopause (Roca, Schmidt, & and tense for three or four days before her menstrual period begins, and this will happen with In a comprehensive review of the only small variations each cycle, such as being literature Parkin and Winer distinguished four somewhat more tense (or less tense) than in types of studies that evaluated the PMS/PMDD previous cycles (Yonkers, 2008). effect on health‐related quality of life and for Up to 75% of women experience some instance reported that ‗the affective, behavioral and degree of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) during physical symptoms of PMDD have been shown to their reproductive years. This condition includes adversely affect health‐related quality of life to a somatic symptoms, such as fatigue, appetite‐ disabling degree, especially regarding interpersonal changes, and low energy, and affective symptoms, relationships with family members and partner‘ or such as irritability, depressed mood, anxiety, and ‗women with PMDD suffer impairment that is as impulsive behavior. Typically, symptoms remit severe as women with chronic clinical depression within a few days after the onset of menstruation and that their luteal phase adjustment to social and (Hoyer, et al., 2013). leisure activities is even worse than women with other types of depression‘ (Pearlstein & Steiner, Premenstrual symptoms represent an affective syndrome the appearance of which is confined to the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
and the symptoms of which are sufficiently severe to interfere with normal life activities (Rubinow & Numerous studies indicate that work stress Schmidt, 2006). The common symptoms of PMS may exacerbate PMS. In a recently conducted survey study in Uppsala County, Sweden, 83 International Journal of Innovative Knowledge Concepts, 2(1) January, 2016
Premenstrual Symptoms and Social Disability. women stated that they had been absent from work and mental health (MH) scales and greater than during the previous half year due to premenstrual type 2 diabetes and hypertension in bodily pain discomfort (premenstrual syndrome, PMS). The scale while comparable in all other scales of the absence due to illness and the diagnoses of these three conditions, (2) comparable to osteoarthritis women during an 1 year period were compared and rheumatoid arthritis in all scales, and (3) less with those of a control group which was matched in burden than depression in vitality and mental health terms of number of women, age and civil status, (MH) scales and mental component summary but in which the women did not report suffering measure while comparable in other scales (Yang, from PMS. The results show more illnesses and a Wallenstein, Hagan, Guo, Chang, & Kornstein, different diagnostic pattern when absent from work (due to illness) in women suffering from PMS as A cross‐sectional cohort study conducted compared with the control group. The diagnosis ‗mental disorders‘ is twice as common in the group in 2003 on women prospectively diagnosed with PMS revealed interesting findings such as, 28.7% absent due to PMS (Hallman & Georgiev, 1987). of the women amongst the total number of women Studies have shown that Women under‐ completing the survey were found to be suffering identify the severity of their PMS difficulties from PMS. These women with PMS had despite the reported difficulties associated with consistent social and occupational interference in Component Summary (MCS) and Physical most life domains. They are also reluctant to seek Component Summary (PCS) scale scores of the help for treatable PMS symptoms because of Medical Outcomes Study Short Form‐36 as attitudinal barriers regardless of the severity of compared to women without PMS. Moreover, their PMS symptoms (Robinson & Swindle, 2000). women with PMS reported reduced work productivity, interference with hobbies and greater Studies also suggest that in spite of the number of work days missed for health reasons high prevalence of PMS, this condition is still along with an increased frequency of ambulatory under‐recognized and undertreated. Using self‐help health care provider visits as compared to the approaches to induce self‐awareness, psychological women without PMS. Conclusively the study and psychiatric interventions, and appropriate suggests that premenstrual symptoms significantly medications may help susceptible women with high affect health‐related quality of life and may result work stress to overcome this cyclic condition in in increased health care utilization and decreased order to increase their productivity and quality of occupational productivity (Borenstein, et al., 2003). life (Namavar Jahromi, Pakmehr, & Hagh‐Shenas, 2011). A cross‐sectional population‐based survey conducted in 2010 on 4,085 women aged 14‐ 50 A recent study conducted on Korean years recruited by random telephone digit dialing in women revealed the impact of PMS on activities of France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, the United daily life and also suggested that the proportion of Kingdom, Brazil, and Mexico also found that both women with impaired activities of daily life were physical and mental premenstrual symptoms had significantly associated with the severity of PMS significant impact on quality of life. Up to 35% of (Choi, Lee, Lehert, Lee, Kim, & Dennerstein, women of reproductive age in Europe and Latin America were moderately or severely affected in Similarly, another study conducted in activities of daily life by cyclical premenstrual cities of Hong Kong, Thailand and Pakistan symptoms (Dennerstein, Lehert, Bäckström, & demonstrated that premenstrual physical and Heinemann, 2010). mental symptom domains had similar negative Likewise another study conducted in 2011 effects on activities of daily life in women. 74% of with an aim to analyze the frequency of women were not affected or minimally affected in Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) in college students, activities of daily life, 17% had a clinically the factors affecting Premenstrual Syndrome and significant effect on activities of daily life and 9% the effect of Premenstrual Syndrome on life quality were severely affected in activities of daily life. found that among 316 students PMS was detected Activities of daily life were predominantly affected in 72.1% of the students. The most frequent by premenstrual symptom severity (Dennerstein, symptoms were mainly low back pain, stress‐ Lehert, Keung, Pal, & Choi, 2010). discomfort, nervous‐anger, distention and breast Likewise, a study on assessment of burden tenderness. PMS was found significantly high in of premenstrual dysphoric disorder on health‐ those students who had menstrual irregularity, who related quality of life found that premenstrual had dysmenorrhea, who consumed 2 cups of coffee dysphoric disorder is associated with substantial or above per day and who smoke and consumed burden on both physical and mental aspects of alcohol. When the relation of PMS with life quality health related quality of life. The findings of the was evaluated, it was determined that the life study were that the health related quality of life quality decreases as PMS score average increases burden of premenstrual dysphoric disorder was (1) (Pinar, Colak, & Oksuz, 2011). greater than that of chronic back pain in bodily pain International Journal of Innovative Knowledge Concepts, 2(1) January, 2016
Premenstrual Symptoms and Social Disability. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY:
and social impairment. Numerous studies indicate that work stress 2. To examine the effect of PMS on may exacerbate PMS. Women have been found to work/school life. be absent from work during the previous half year 3. To examine the effect of PMS on social due to premenstrual discomfort (premenstrual syndrome, PMS). The results of studies have revealed more illnesses and a different diagnostic 4. To examine the effect of PMS on family pattern when absent from work (due to illness) in women suffering from PMS as compared with the 5 HYPOTHESIS:
control group. Moreover it was also found that the group of women absent from work due to PMS had There is a statistically significant inverse the diagnosis ‗mental disorders‘ twice as common relationship between premenstrual symptoms and as compared to the control group (Hallman & social disability. Georgiev, 1987). Moreover, Women under‐identify the severity of their PMS difficulties despite the 6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
reported difficulties associated with consistent 6.1 SAMPLE
social and occupational interference in most life domains. They are also reluctant to seek help for Around 40 randomly selected, healthy treatable PMS symptoms because of attitudinal females, aged between 18‐45 yrs.; experiencing barriers regardless of the severity of their PMS regular menstrual cycle were administered the two symptoms (Robinson & Swindle, 2000). premenstrual symptoms and another questionnaire A recent study conducted on Korean analyzing the effect of premenstrual syndrome on women revealed the impact of PMS on activities of their daily life activities. daily life and also suggested that the proportion of women with impaired activities of daily life were 6.2 TOOLS
significantly associated with the severity of PMS In order to conduct the study, following tools were i.e. with increasing severity of the symptoms of PMS the activities of daily life of such women decreased significantly (Choi, Lee, Lehert, Lee, 1. ‘The Premenstrual Symptoms Screening
tool (PSST)'
Kim, & Dennerstein, 2010). (Appendix I): PSST applies a necessary degree of measure of severity and Similarly, another study conducted in impact of premenstrual symptoms. The Europe and Latin America, it was found that up to questionnaire comprises of 13 questions which 35% of women of reproductive age were are basically symptoms of premenstrual phase moderately or severely affected in activities of and the subjects are required to mark the daily life by cyclical premenstrual symptoms severity of each symptom as they had (Dennerstein, Lehert, Bäckström, & Heinemann, experienced in a scale of 1 to 5. 2. ‘Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS)' (Appendix
Likewise, study carried out on college students in II): Developed to assess the functional Turkey also found that the PMS rate was high even impairment in three inter‐related domains; in female college students and this adversely work/school, social and family life. The affected their quality of life and daily activities subject rates the extent to which work/school, (Pinar, Colak, & Oksuz, 2011). social life and home In spite of the high prevalence as responsibilities are impaired by his/ her suggested by the earlier studies, PMS is still under‐ symptoms on a 10 point visual analogue scale. recognized and undertreated. Using self‐help The 10 point visual analogue scale uses a approaches to induce self‐awareness, psychological spatiovisual, numeric and verbal descriptive and psychiatric interventions and appropriate anchors simultaneously to assess the disability. medications may help susceptible women with high The Sheehan Disability Scale is widely used work stress to overcome this cyclic condition in not only in psychiatry but also in many other order to increase their productivity and quality of chronic medical illnesses because of its generic life (Namavar Jahromi, Pakmehr, & Hagh‐Shenas, design. It measures impairment in functioning. The scale generates 4 scores: a work disability score, a social life disability score, a family life 4 OBJECTIVES:
disability score and a total score. To get a total The main objective of this study is to score add up the 3 individual scores (work: examine the impact of premenstrual symptoms on social life: family life). The maximum possible social adjustment. The specific objectives of the score is 30 (Harnett‐Sheehan & Sheehan, 1. To examine the relationship between PMS International Journal of Innovative Knowledge Concepts, 2(1) January, 2016
Premenstrual Symptoms and Social Disability. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
regarding the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (Appendix III) and the extent to To analyze the data, Pearson product‐ which they experience them and the extent to moment correlation coefficient method which such symptoms affected their work, social life and family life (Appendix IV) and 7 RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
final data of these 40 subjects [age range 22 – 43 yrs (Figure 1); mean age 29 years] was A total of 40 subjects were surveyed Table 1: Mean Age Of All 40 Subjects Enrolled And The Age Range
Out of 40 patients, as per the average score obtained through premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PMSST) 7 (18%) of the women did not experience premenstrual symptoms while 16 (40%) of the women
undergoing the survey were found to be suffering from mild form of premenstrual syndrome and
interestingly 10 (25%) and 7 (18%) out of the total number of women surveyed were having moderate and
severe premenstrual syndrome respectively (Table 2, Figure 2).
Table 2: Average Score of PMSST showing the number of subjects experiencing the level of
symptoms
PMSST Response
Moderate PMS
Severe PMS
Moreover, analysis of Sheehan Disability Scale revealed that out of 40 women surveyed, 7 (18%), 3 (8%) and 6 (15%) of the women did not have a disrupted work, social life and family life respectively due to premenstrual symptoms. Whereas, 19 (48%), 20 (50%) and 17 (43%) women experienced mild disruption in their work, social life and family life respectively accounting to the premenstrual symptoms. Likewise, moderately disrupted work, social life and family life was found to be experienced by 11 (28%), 13 (33%) and 15 (38%) respectively out of the total number of women being surveyed. Similarly, 2 (5%), 3 (8%), 1 (3%) and 1 (3%), 1 (3%) , 1 (3%) women experienced markedly and extreme disruption respectively in their work, social and family life respectively (Table 3, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5). Data analysis of Sheehan Disability Scale also revealed Global Functional Impairment score, obtained by summing up individual scores of disrupted work, disrupted social life and disrupted family life ranging from 0 (unimpaired) to 30 (highly impaired), to be interestingly 4 (10%), 14 (13%) and 29 (3%) out of the 40 women being surveyed (Table 4, Figure 6). Furthermore, it was also evident from the responses of Sheehan Disability Scale that 23 out of 40 i.e. 58% of the women being surveyed had reduced productivity at work due to premenstrual symptoms. International Journal of Innovative Knowledge Concepts, 2(1) January, 2016
Premenstrual Symptoms and Social Disability. Table 3: Number of women experiencing social disruption due to PMS
Not At All
Moderately
Markedly
Extremely
Disrupted
work / school
Disrupted
social life /
activities
DIsrupted
family life /
Table 4: Global Functional Impairment Score and Number of subjects
Global Functional
Number of
Impairment Score
Subjects
International Journal of Innovative Knowledge Concepts, 2(1) January, 2016

Premenstrual Symptoms and Social Disability. Figure 3: Percentage of women experiencin g disrupted work due to PMS
Disr upted work / school work
International Journal of Innovative Knowledge Concepts, 2(1) January, 2016

Premenstrual Symptoms and Social Disability. Figure 4: Percentage of women experiencin g disrupted social life d ue to PMS
D isrupted social life / lei sure ac tivities
International Journal of Innovative Knowledge Concepts, 2(1) January, 2016
Premenstrual Symptoms and Social Disability. Pearson‘s product correlation coefficient was used in order to find out the relationship between premenstrual symptoms and social disability. Social Disability The value of R is 0.60. This is a moderate positive correlation, which means there is a tendency for high X variable scores go with high Y variable scores (and vice versa). If N is 10 or larger, the significance of calculating R will be tested by applying t‐ test. This test will show the significance of the relationships. The coefficient of correlation will vary from ‐ 1 (a perfect negative relationship between the variables X & Y) to +1 (a perfect positive relationship between X and Y). If R comes to be closer to +1, it means there is a strong & positive correlation between the two variables & there is a complete association between the two variables whereas if R comes to be closer to ‐ 1, it means there is a strong negative correlation between the two variables. A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates no correlation between the variables. The coefficient of Pearson correlation is 0.60 (The one‐ tailed P value is less than 0.0001). So, there is a significantly positive correlation between premenstrual syndrome and social disability, which implies that when premenstrual symptoms and/or their severity increases, the chances of social disability increases & vice versa. Therefore, the hypothesis ―There is a statistically significant inverse relationship between premenstrual symptoms and social disability‖ is rejected. This can be further analyzed in the light that when a person is undergoing or experiencing symptoms like painful menstruation, insomnia, mood swings or irritability, headaches, bloating, fatigue etc., then a woman tends to become less productive in daily work and this also affects her daily work, social as well as family life to a certain extent. These findings are in consensus with earlier studies conducted on Korean women (Choi, Lee, Lehert, Lee, Kim, & Dennerstein, 2010) and a similar study conducted on students in Europe and Latin America (Dennerstein, Lehert, Bäckström, & Heinemann, 2010) as well as study conducted in Turkey (Pinar, Colak, & Oksuz, 2011), which suggest high prevalence of PMS and adversely affected quality of daily life and reduced productivity at work due to PMS. The critical value of r at .005 level of significance & at 38 degrees of freedom is .4026 which is less than calculated value of correlation coefficient, thus indicating that the relationship between PMS and social disability is significant even at 99.5% confidence. 8 Conclusion:
The findings of the study indicate that most of the women experience mild to moderate premenstrual symptoms and this also affects their daily work, social life as well as family life to a certain extent. Moreover, with increase in severity of the premenstrual symptoms, the productivity at work also tends to decrease thereby International Journal of Innovative Knowledge Concepts, 2(1) January, 2016
Premenstrual Symptoms and Social Disability. indicating a positive correlation between premenstrual symptoms and social disability. 9 Limitations:
Limitations of the study include: 1) Small sample size due to time frame restriction 2) Lack of expertise with better statistical tools for analysis of data 3) Hesitant nature of women in responding to PMS questionnaire due to their belief that they were not suffering from premenstrual symptoms which was in consensus with a recent study that found that PMS is still under‐ recognized and undertreated (Namavar Jahromi, Pakmehr, & Hagh‐Shenas, 2011) 10 Suggestions for further work:
The current study also suggests a positive correlation between PMS and social disability as other recent studies have suggested. However, similar study is required to be done at a larger scale as the current study had limited sample size due to logistic refrains. A larger scale study is also required to be done in order to gather more significant data to analyze correlation between PMS and social disability and also an attempt to analyze the precipitating factors. Moreover, no such study data could be found on Indian population thereby making it important to conduct such a study on Indian population also. Furthermore, collecting such data will aid in creating better awareness strategies and creating educational methods which would help women identify premenstrual symptoms and aid in management of symptoms since the current study limitations has also shown that much of the women were not aware of premenstrual symptoms and although they were later on found to be suffering from PMS to some extent. Also, since it has been shown in various such studies including the current study that PMS also leads to decreased productivity at work, thus at least an awareness program and/or program to teach methods to manage the symptoms at gynaecology departments at hospitals as well as private clinics. 11 References:
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